The history of money Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The history of money - Assignment Example This will discourage the bank from circulating many dollars in the country. Therefore, introduction of gold-based reserve system is a sure way to manage inflation and national budgets. Third, the gold-based reserve system encourages a health completion in the business within a country. Introduction of this system in the United States will encourage increase in industrial innovations. These because the industries will look for advanced technological methods in order to produce quality products. This will have a positive impact on the United States economy (Ravenhill 10) However, there are shortcomings of this system in United States. To start with, it may stunt the growth of U.S economic growth. A focus of production based on the amount of gold will overlook the resourceful contributions of the American people. Second the system may inflate the rates on interest. This principal reason for this is to maintain the value of the dollar over that of the gold. Finally, many industries will face the danger of crumbling due to lack of funding from the government (Ravenhill 11). Canada is not immune to hyperinflation. The country does not have enough gold mines. The exhaustion of the available reserve will mark the start of inflation. The country economy will stagnate since they will have no funds to support their industries. This will affect my purchasing power and will destabilize my financial position thereby disrupting my lifestyle. The most plausible choice for my investment is in the shares. The principal reason for investing in these financial products is because of their high turn over (Ravenhill 69). Here in GTA, the data from Market Shares indicates their exemplary performance. The pros of shares include, they have a higher growth rate, there is high privacy in shares, and there are bonuses. The only con in this choice is the high risk of liquidation. Rational analysis directs my choice. The good trends in the share markets

FIN MOD 2 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FIN MOD 2 SLP - Essay Example However, given the pace of economic growth and the fears of double dip recession in US, the price increase may not be sustainable. Thus prices may decrease by some percentage, but it may not change by great percentage due to fears of double dip recession. The movement in stocks indicates that the stock prices have relatively swung over the period of last five years. Though it remained in stable zones for some period of time, however, most of the time, it remained volatile given the fact that the overall performance of the firm was volatile also due to the financial crisis. However, its recent performance has seen the firm’s revenue to sky rocket again and its prices also swung upward due to higher performance of the firm. However, given the strong fundamentals of the firm and its strong financial performance and industry dominance, stock may not be entirely termed as risky. Theoretically, any firm with strong fundamentals and unique industry position may not be termed as a risky business because of the stability in the earnings. It is, however, also important to note that FedEx may still be considered as going through its growth stage given the fact that means of logistics are continuously changing i.e. e-mails and social networking has now become a norm, and consumers prefer to use free methods of communication. However, in other segments of the business such as parcel delivery and logistics, FedEx still leads the way. Some of the alternative investments that may be available include investing in mutual funds, saving accounts, etc. The normal rates offered by the banks on savings account range of 4.5% to 3.5% depending upon the term of the deposits. However, this return may be good enough to force the investor not to go for equity futures as given the recent performance of the stock, the investor may lose money on the futures as price of the futures may go down. Based on

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay Example for Free

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay In Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo plays the role of father to his son, Nwoye, and his daughter, Ezinma. Okonkwos fear of looking weak like his father, which can be interpreted as his tragic flaw, causes him to expect more from both of his children and to act rashly, similar to the behavior of my father. Although both relationships—the relationship between Okonkwo and his son and the relationship between my father and I—involve disagreements between father and son, I constantly aim to see eye to eye with my father, just like Okonkwo and Ezinma, whereas Nwoye does not attempt to fulfill his fathers wishes. The relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye is one of disagreement, contretemps, and failure; Okonkwos inflexible expectations are not reached which triggers tension. This conflict commences at the start of the novel but at this point it seems minor: Okonkwo is merely concerned that his son shows some characteristics of his lazy father, Unoka. He is trying to prevent this by all means but it starts to become somewhat undeniable. Okonkwos features being strong, hard-working, and somewhat misogynic conflicts with the impudent, weak, eccentric, and indolent characteristics of Nwoye. Though as the story proceeds, it seems likely that the relationship will be repaired: Ikemefunas involvement in Nwoyes growth puts Nwoye on the path sought by Okonkwo. Unfortunately, this period of healing is disturbed by Okonkwo taking part in Ikemefunas death which results in the fear of Okonkwo by Nwoye and the lack of trust between the two. This instability continues throughout the majority, if not the entirety, of the book. Ezinma, the only child of Okonkwos second wife, Ekwefi, has a relationship with Okonkwo that shows understanding and agreement, unlike Nwoyes relationship. Surprisingly enough, this relationship is rather implicit since Okonkwo doesnt speak to Ezinma a great deal of times, especially when compared to Nwoye. This may be due to the fact that she is a girl and she is generally not involved with masculine tasks that would bring her closer to Okonkwo. Still, Okonkwo believes that she should have been a boy (61) and she continually attempts to carry out masculine duties such as bringing Okonkwos chair to the wrestling match, which is said to be a boys job (45).  This form of complement establishes amplification of the bond that is made between Okonkwo and Ezinma. My father and I have a relationship that consists of clashing points of view, similar to the link between Okonkwo and Nwoye. We have frequent arguments, abundance of miscommunication, and we fail to see eye-to-eye. Both my father and Okonkwo seem to possess this stubborn feature which, in turn, results in senseless disputes. In fact, in chapter 5, Okonkwo initiates an argument about a dead banana tree which actually is alive; he ends up giving Ekwefi a beating because she merely cut off a few leaves to wrap some food (39). Another aspect they both share is their large amount of accomplishments; my dad being a successful translator who has traveled the world and Okonkwo being a famous wrestler and a leader of the Umofia clan has lead to higher expectations in their children, specifically Nwoye and I. This causes us distress while trying to reach that expectation and results in disappointment from our fathers when we dont attain it. This kind of pressure is not asserted on Ezinma because she does not have to meet any expectations, besides doing feminine tasks like cooking, cleaning, etc. Though, Ezinma and I do share the aspect of attempting to see eye-to-eye with our fathers, generally unlike Nwoye; Nwoye seems to make an attempt when he starts grumbling about women, building the walls of the obi, and doing other masculine actions but in reality, he just trying to fit in with the patriarchal clan. Therefore, Ezinma is similar to me when it comes to intention, but different to Nwoye and me when it comes to the circumstances. In conclusion, the novel emphasizes the importance of parental influence on the child, whether positive or negative. The analysis of Nwoye and Ezinma has taught me to generally stay on the path made for me by my ancestors and my parents in order to avoid conflict and I believe that I could teach them that although that path may be tough, the end result will be satisfying to both them and their parents. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Fawcett, 1985.

Effects of Art Censorship on Society

Effects of Art Censorship on Society The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship Contents (Jump to) Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 – Rationale Chapter 3 – Methodology Chapter 4 – Literature Review Chapter 5 – Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 1 Introduction In understanding the realm of artists, the implications of art, artists, and the dilemmas faced by art libraries, and museums in selecting and acquiring pieces for their collections, one needs to have an appreciation of the realm in which art exists. Leo Tolstoy stated that â€Å"to define art, it is necessary .. to cease to consider it as one of the conditions of human life† (California State University Long Beach, 2005). Egan (1979, p. 166) advises that Tolstoy’s views on art were based on â€Å"the contention that good art consists of an individual consciously passing his feelings on to others, or provoking in them a spiritual union with the artist and other readers†. There are critics of this view in that they believe it dangerous as it â€Å"opens the flood gates to art for ethics and politics thereby reducing art to a disguised socialism† (Egan, 1979, p. 166). Regardless of one’s views and or the critics one sides with, art represents a phenom enon that affects us all. This dissertation proposal shall take a look into the intriguing world of art, in terms of its quality, censorship, and thus selection by art libraries as a function of the quest to uncover, and provide students as well as the general public with materials that provoke a depth, and range of thinking. The removal, and or withholding of data and information from the public as a result of some type of control body or group represents censorship (Encyclopedia Britannica online, 2007). Harer and Harris (1994, p. 2) advise that censorship represents a phenomena that is â€Å"conflict between powerful opposing forces in society that can threaten its very foundation and ideals†. Their definition goes on to add â€Å"society disagrees as to what defines the limitations of creativity and expression and who should decide what has passed beyond the limits† (Harer and Harris, 1994, p. 2). The foundation for this examination lies in their advising â€Å"It is this power struggle tha t has the potential for reordering our democratic and constitutional principles, especially if a monopoly of power is secured by one of these forces or the struggle is won in the political arena by those who wish to restrict† (Harer and Harris, 1994, p. 2). The dissertation proposal being recommended is based upon this underlying principle, and the broader considerations and facets as represented by the selection and exhibition of art in libraries, and related institutions as a result of their artistic quality and other aspects, as an exercise to delve beneath the surface and extract deeper meanings and understandings. Art, within the context of its selection and presentation represents contemporary as well as past works of art. The process â€Å"enables us to think about the ideas of a range of writers and theorists, and in turn how their work has interacted with the visual† (Arnold, 2004, p. 76). Art has an importance within cultures in that it exposes us to the views, ideas, thoughts and visualization of a broad range of thinking, ideas and concepts that are different and in many instances foreign to our own. It opens us up to the possibilities and potentials to question our own views, ideas and concepts as well as strengthen them through exposure. Art, as is also the case with the human race, entails evolution and growth. What was once looked upon as lacking artistic qualities by whatever standards that were invoked, depending upon the period of history own looks at, change, as societies, and people evolve, and thus so do the broadening of their views and ideas. Art has evolved from its earliest forms â€Å"as a vehicle for religious ritual† as represented by the paintings on caves located in France to the Sistine Chapel, â€Å"art has served religion† (Cornell University, 2005). It has also served â€Å"as a commemoration of an important event, such as represented by the â€Å"coronation of Josephine by Napoleon (Cornell University, 2005). Additionally, art has also â€Å"served as propaganda or social commentary† to attempt to â€Å"persuade us toward particular viewpoints or actions promoted by public or private institutions† as represented by â€Å"political parties, lobbyists, governments, or religious groups† (Cornell University, 2005). Art may be used to record visual data, create works of beauty, as a means to storytelling, to convey emotion and to interpret (Cornell University, 2005). The uses and purposes of art are to reach us in some manner on some level, and communicate. As this represents be ing, and or having exposure to views, ideas, concepts, images and points of view that differ from ours, thus censorship for mature adults, and in an educational setting seemingly represents a closing of possible avenues of exploration, and thoughts on the path to awareness. Chapter 2 – Rational The last sentence thus represents the rationale for this dissertation proposal. ‘The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship’. It is impossible for a title to encompass all of the linked salient facets that comprise the preceding, however, it is felt that such a direction does provide for the study to examine the problems and considerations that mangers have in the selection of materials for art libraries as well as the implications arising from same in terms of the potential dilemmas resulting from facets such as artistic quality, view, and of course censorship. The preceding represents a look at as well as under the surface of the world of art to glean a picture of how art is screened and presented to us, and how these judgmental factors work. The broad view encompassing art libraries, galleries, museums and specialized art libraries is felt that it will show the d ifferent manner in which this is approached on many levels. The foregoing means, mainstream, fringe, popular, conservative, historical, classical and other forms. Through a broad based look, the examination should uncover the nuances of the art world, and the degree to which censorship, either overt, or in the eyes and minds of the beholders exists. Chapter 3 – Methodology The examination of the field of art from the perspective of the indicated rational will entail the utilization of a broad range of sources and methodologies. Secondary research provides the opportunity to review a large range of information as gathered by differing sources to equate elements, and views that might not have occurred to the researcher in their initial analysis, and or approach (Patzer, 1995, p. 2). While secondary research does permit one to potentially explore a broader range of data, information, views and examples, its limitations are that not everything that exists can be looked at, in addition to some facets of the research being dated, and even outmoded by new developments and approaches that have yet to be converted to literature sources. Secondary research does enable an individual to obtain a grasp of the issues, circumstances, and issues, along with inculcating one as to the broad as well as nuance factors (Myers, 2005). Primary research is beneficial in gaining first hand information on trends, developments, new occurrences, and related facets that have not yet made their way into publishing circles or common use. It also permits the gleaning of information directly from sources, provided the methodology, survey, questionnaire, and or interview session has been well prepared and is balanced in its approach. However, the problem with primary research is represented by the limitation in terms of the field of respondents. If a broad based survey, and or questionnaire methodology is utilized, sufficient time needs to be devoted to the gathering of source lists, survey, and or questionnaire preparation, mailing, response, and correlation. In terms of preparation, it is probably best to enlist the aid and assistance of a few members within the field to help with the preparation of questions, and or areas as well as the proper syntax, and order of presentation in order to impact confidence in the responden ts that the survey is indeed valid in terms of its base and concepts. In the case of this type of examination, it is recommended that both approaches be utilized in order to gain an accuracte understaning of the surface aspects that can be readliy, and or easily seen or gathered as a result of secondary sources. Primary sources thus represent a look below the surface, asking for facets that might not have been covered in the secondary data as well as potential new areas as made available as a result of said secondary research. Chapter 4 – Literature Review Kidd (2003) provides a summary of Robert Mapplethorpe in referring to him, along with Andres Serrano as the pair of artists â€Å"†¦who catapulted the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) into the crisis that is widely referred to as the culture wars of the arts. As a result, Mapplethorpe is now generally associated with a particular kind of obscene art†. Kidd (2003) sees this label as being unfair as the circumstances surrounding the National Endowment for the Arts were a result of other organizations that made the decision to show the artist’s work (Kidd, 2003). Secondly, Kidd (2003) explains that â€Å"Mapplethorpe’s relationship with obscenity was a development of the culture wars and not a fundamental dynamic of his work†, and that the artist’s history indicates â€Å"an uneasiness about including his sexually explicit, homoerotic, and sadomasochistic photographs amongst artistic collections of his work†. The foregoing outcome was precipitated by letters, and a campaign initiated by the American Family Association (AFA) that focused on the United States Congress concerning Serrano’s photograph titled â€Å"Piss Christ† which depicted a plastic crucifix submerged in the artist’s urine, thus setting off a debate over his work and suitability for a grant by the National Endowment for the Arts (Inde, 1998, p. 100). The escalation of the debate included Mapplethorpe’s exhibit on the same venue, which was canceled as well, in a decision rendered by the Corcoran Gallery Board of Trustees who felt that exhibiting his works might jeopardize future NEA funding (Inde, 1998, p. 100). In Mapplethorpe’s defense, regardless of one’s personal views and opinions concerning his art, a follow up exhibit after the Corcoran Gallery cancellation that was held by the Washington Project of the Arts saw some fifty thousand individuals view his work with only twelve co mplaints being registered (Inde, 1998, p. 101). And prior to the Corcoran Gallery exhibit, Mapplethorpe’s works were shown in both Philadelphia as well as Chicago in the United States â€Å"without major incident or comment†. The underlying current with respect to art, as we are reminded by Nichols Fox, is that (Inde, 21998, p. 102): â€Å"Art can be strong stuff. In any totalitarian regime it is one of the first things suppressed. In our condition of moral superiority as a democratic society we have prodded the Soviet Union for years to loosen its hold on its writers and painters. Now it is doing so at precisely the same moment that our own tolerance for dissent appears to be weakening.† Art, in varying forms and degrees is all around us all the time. It is present in the shape of the vehicle we drive, the coffee maker in the morning, the graphics in video games, and in every object that we use. These common and everyday versions of art encompass our world. Art, in the sense of the context of this examination, is subjective. It is open to the interpretation of its audience and critics (Esaak, 2006). Art, is what we think it is, or, what a number of people think it is (Witcombe, 2005). There is no one singular definition that satisfies all the contexts, and in order to get a grasp on it, it is generally thought that it is better to see it in terms of â€Å"the way something is done† (Witcombe, 2005). In the context of this examination, the definition of art has its roots â€Å"in the 15th and 16th centuries in Italy† whereby art comes to represent â€Å"a collective term encompassing painting, sculpture and architecture†, which was later expanded so as to include music as well as poetry (Witcombe, 2005). It is from this basis that the decorative arts as well as crafts such as metalworking, furniture making and other utility forms are excluded, and an artist differentiated from a craftsman (Witcombe, 2005). And while a small cadre of one’s friends, and or associates may revere an individual as an artist, the process in terms of the art world, meaning the recognized channels of sales that include galleries, private collections, curators, museums, libraries and other modes whereby values are established, means being or becoming recognized (Crawford, 2005). Exhibitions such as Mapplethorpe has participated in, put his art in front of a broad cadre of the public as well as art professionals thus establishing him in this circle, titled the art world. And as the acceptance, and or reputation spreads, so does the clamor for the artist’s pieces. And such represents the process via which galleries, museums and art libraries enter the process. University art libraries are an integral part of the art recognition process, bringing new artists into the pre-professional and professional mainstream through providing visibility, and a form of recognition (Johnson, 2006). The process of ar t selection at universities, galleries and museums takes into account the broad context of the history of the institution, its historical foundations, reputation as being progressive, or conservative, the links to supporters, and its rationale for operating (Johnson, 2006). The theme and direction of university art library collections is a product of the focus, and image the universities seek to project as well as the types of artists, and works that they look to attract (Johnson, 2006). This process entails the overall library’s purpose, which is represented by the university, its faculty, collection history, and fit into the broader scheme of academia. The aspect regarding artistic recognition represents an extremely important area for an artist. The example as drawn by van Gogh, and other artists whereby the withholding from the world, the merits of their views would lessen us all (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Critics in the world of art are there to evaluate works, and to â€Å"separate the wheat from the chaff† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Their position is to wade through the offering of artists, and render opinions on their work as qualified professionals to supposedly shield us from works, and or artists whose level of development is not yet refined, or noteworthy. This represents a highly subjective process that the managers of art libraries, museums, and other artistic areas review and consider in their decisions to acquire, and or showcase works of art. The process is far from perfect, yet at the same time it is far from being flawed. It, as an open system that allows for the inputs, views and opinions of a div erse range of individuals to comment upon and showcase what they believe is art. Critics do not always represent the best source or views on what might constitute art, and thus the broad array of art libraries, galleries, museums and literature provides the opportunity for open debate or selection. Such was clearly demonstrated by the Mapplethorpe situation whereby the authorities had to reverse their field. The depth of the preceding represents an area for further examination and research. Johnson (2006) advises that university libraries promote themselves as well in the broader sphere of other universities, galleries, and museums of all sizes and renown. The universe is a competitive one in which past selections, progressiveness, qualities and track record of selections, connections, exhibition power, personnel, space, facilities, web site, and a host of other facets enter into the overall considerations. And while artists need these outlets, university art libraries need new, present, upcoming, and established artists to enhance their standings and reputations (Johnson, 2006). Just as artists must promote themselves, universities must also follow this course through providing, and showcasing the unknown, unexpected and as a location whereby the newest, best, and unusual can be found. An example of the preceding is represented by Birmingham University’s Chrysalis Project, whereby it is digitizing all of the works ever held by the university as well as all of th e 26 programmes that are â€Å"published annually by the† university’s â€Å"Society of Arts School of Design between 1978 and 1902†. The goal is to broaden the appeal of the University’s art library on the Internet as part of its self-promotion program. Within this scope are the managers who must select as well as go after the new, unique established, up and coming, unknown, known, and hot artists. An example of the foregoing is provided by the art system in Russia. There is and has been a large cadre of art libraries in Russia that have been, and are in the rise (Kolganova, 1999). More than repositories of books and printed materials, these libraries hold engravings, photographs and art works. The IFLA (2005) newsletter advised that â€Å"Russian art libraries† are engaged in a diverse series of â€Å"programmes, projects, exhibitions, conferences and workshops† aimed at sharing as well as securing artistic works. The preceding represents a system of coordination in Russia that seeks to display art works in addition to literary materials. The university art acquisition system is far from being national in scope, it is international, and needs to be in order to be relevant (IFLA, 2005). Olga Sinitsyna, the Chair of the Art Libraries Section of the IFLA, brought such a development to light when she announced that one of her goals was to get the Russian art libraries more involved in IFLA activities and participation (IFLA, 2005). The IFLA (2005) is comprised of over 1700 associations, institutions, and individuals on a global basis that includes most UK universities as well as Birmingham University. The preceding scope of the manner in which university art libraries must reach, and operate provides a look into the highly sophisticated nature of the systems involved. And while no such formal organized inter cooperation methodology exists in the United Kingdom, as per the Russian example, the informal, yet organized system of competing interests in the acquisition and display of art, nevertheless is a reality. University art library compete with themselves, and private art libraries as well as galleries and museums, with the prize being their reputations, and selection processes. This creates unique, and difficult problems and challenges for art managers. They must be progressive, provocative, on the leading edge, contemporary, modern, classical, and innovative in not only varying their pieces, they must have the network and contacts to be fed pieces in a highly competitive arena, yet make selections that have there base in ethics as well as contemporary moral, and other values. Thus, managerial problems involved in selecting works represents a key aspect of the research in that it requires the utilization of questions to obtain views, methods, pr ocedures and techniques. The insights concerning the following areas, were not located as a result of secondary sources, thus calling for the use of primary research to uncover the techniques, approaches, methods, considerations and other aspects utilized by managers in carrying out their functions. From a review of literature such as Johnson (2006), Kolganova (1999) and the IFLA (2005), it was postulated that managers have the following problems, and considerations in the selection of works and artists: Overall Art Library Developmental Considerations As advised by Johnson (2006), and Kolganova (1999), as well as shown in excerpts of the IFLA (2005) newsletter, art libraries do not exist in a vacuum. They must interface with the outside world in terms of competing for new art talent, as well as other types of selections across a broad spectrum of art types. Art Types In planning for the future, the manager needs to be aware of the various types of art that other libraries have, and are presenting also focusing upon what direction they might take in the future to avoid being caught in a battle for talent and selections in a finite universe. Recent Trends The manager also encounters the problem of being on top of the recent trends, not only in terms of what other art libraries and museums are doing, but also in terms of artist development, contemporary trends, new explorations, and what the public itself is finding intriguing. The key to success is being ahead of the field in terms of recognizing, and equating what new developments are on the verge of exploding into new trends. This potentially represents the most important singular facet of their work in being progressive, forward looking, and daring. Birmingham University has developed such a reputation over a long period of time thus helping to ease the managers task of finding new talent as a goodly part of the art world in this regard comes to the university as a result of its positioning, and progressiveness. Understanding as well as responding to such developments represents an extremely important facet in being in front of new trends as a leader, as opposed to following. Such takes on a national as well as international flavor in having the resources, contacts, and pulse beat on a global scale. University and Public Perceptions In the quest to be progressive and leading edge, the manager also must be cognizant of the potential effect that a particular type of display, acquisition and or exhibition could have upon the university, alumni, and public opinion. Birmingham University’s selection of Mapplethorpe is such an example. Controversial prior to his works appearing at the university in 1998, the institution was involved in a major controversy as a result. A book on Robert Mapplethorpe, and American photographer, a homosexual who died of aids in 1988, was taken out on loan from the university library by a Spanish woman for utilization as a piece of research on a thesis representing â€Å"art versus Pornography† (Weaver, 1998). The controversy developed over two photographs in the book, titled â€Å"Helmut and Brooks, NYC, 1978, and Hank and Tom, Sausalito, 1977†, who were engaged in what were described by the police as â€Å"unusual sexual acts of an extreme nature† (Weaver, 1998). In a decision that took over eleven months to reach, the university was cleared of violations of the Obscene Publications Act, based upon the view that â€Å"the effect of the book would not be to tend to deprave, and corrupt a significant number of those who are likely to read it† (Weaver, 1998). The preceding example illustrates the need to be progressive as well as forward thinking in creating an environment of academic as well as artistic freedom that is justified against the broader, and wider precepts of the outside world. Budgetary Constraints Managers are also faced with the prospects of working within budgets that may be less than adequate in terms of competing with other universities, art libraries, museums, and specialty libraries. Ethics and Morality The Mapplethorpe example represents one whereby the ethics, and morality of the university can be brought into question as a result of artistic selections. Walking that fine line represents a daunting task, and problem to be addressed by managers in that being too conservative could leave them on the outside looking in at more progressive moves, and thinking as represented by other institutions. The foregoing represent a few of the key areas regarding the problems faced by art managers in the running and administration of their function(s). Such therefore calls for additional research of a primary nature to discuss, and uncover the areas and aspects of problems, and concerns faced by managers in the administration of their duties. Said information was not seemingly located in a search of secondary research sources. Art does have a purpose. As a result â€Å"judgments about art need not be subjective, artists really are up to something, although its a complicated sort of something)† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). The over riding fact regarding art that Mapplethorpe as well as other artists provide and open us up to is that â€Å"there is no disputing tastes† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). Art is by nature subjective, and along with that â€Å"moral judgments are all subjective, and that the truth is purely subjective† (ProgressiveLiving.org., 2007). The preceding is the lesson provided by the Mapplethorpe example, and others concerning ethics, morals, and censorship. Understanding the realms of thinking that exist in the world represents a means to be less susceptible to them as a result of overall balance. Art exposes us to provoke as well as delight. Chapter 5 – Conclusion The world of art is a highly subjective field, in which the purpose, benefit, usefulness and or beauty is a representation of the beholder. Leo Tolstoy (California State University Long Beach, 2005) advises us that â€Å"to define art, it is necessary .. to cease to consider it as one of the conditions of human life†. Egan (1979, p. 166) states Tolstoy’s views were based upon â€Å"the contention that good art consists of an individual consciously passing his feelings on to others or provoking in them a spiritual union with the artist and other readers†. Mapplethorpe’s case in terms of Birmingham University brings forth the specter of censorship that Harer and Harris (1994, p. 2) advise that censorship represents a phenomena that is â€Å"conflict between powerful opposing forces in society that can threaten its very foundation and ideals†. It harkens to what Nichols Fox states in that â€Å"Art can be strong stuff. In any totalitarian regime it is one of the first things suppressed† (Inde, 21998, p. 102). Art is what we think it is, and or what the artist is attempting to get us to think it is. It is subjective, and thus differing views hold differing passions. The point is, art is art! It is a collective term encompassing painting, sculpture and architecture†, which was later expanded so as to include music as well as poetry (Witcombe, 2005). Defying any singular attempt to completely encompass it, yet being a realm that can be understood. The dissertation proposal to develop into ‘The manner in which art provides an opening of the paths of human views and development through art libraries, and the limiting effects of censorship’, represents a means to equate facets of the world of art on many levels, yet tied to the realm itself. Bibliography Arnold, D. (2004) Art History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT., United States California State University Long Beach (2005) . What is Art?: by Leo Tolstoy. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/361r14.html Cornell University (2005) The Evolution of Visual Art in the Modern Era. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/introart.htm Crawford, A. (2005) Artists, know these people. 15 March 2005. Retrieved on 19 May 2005 from http://www.theage.com.au/news/Arts/Know-these-people/2005/03/14/1110649116983.html Egan, D. (1979) Leo Tolstoy, An annotated Bibliography of English Language Sources to 1978. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey, United States Encyclopedia Britannica online (2007) censorship. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108315/censorship Esaak, S. (2006) What is Art? Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/what_is_art.htm Harer, J., Harris, S. (1994) Censorship of Expression in the 1980s: A Statistical Survey. Oxford University Press. London, United Kingdom IFLA (2005) IFLA Art Libraries Section Newsletter. Vol. 57. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.ifla.org/VII/s30/news/art-newsletter57.pdf Inde, V. (1998) Art in the Courtroom. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. United States Johnson, K. (2006) The Art Library as Exhibition Space. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://etd.ils.unc.edu/dspace/bitstream/1901/357/1/kirstonjohnson.pdf Kidd, D. (2003) Mapplethorpe and the New Obscenity. Vol. 30. Afterimage Kolganova, A. (1999) Museum Libraries as Part of the System of Libraries in Russia. Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.ifla.org/VII/d2/inspel/99-4koad.pdf Myers, E. (2005) Benefits and Limitations of Using Secondary Research Sources. Retrieved on 21 May 2007 from http://www.swlearning.com/marketing/gitm/gitm16-5.html ProgressiveLiving.org. (2007) Reflections Concerning the Purpose of Art and the Possibility of Objective Aesthetic Standards. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.progressiveliving.org/Art_Theories_files/purpose_of_art.htm Weaver, M. (1998) University in clear over Mapplethorpe photographs. 1 October 1998. Retrieved on 20 May 2007 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/10/01/nmap01.html Witcombe, C. (2005) What Is Art? †¦ What is an Artist? Retrieved on 19 May 2007 from http://www.arthistory.sbc.edu/artartists/artartists.html

Exploring Psychological Explanations of Criminal Behaviour Essay

It has been long the interest of psychologists in understanding the factors that determine psychopathy (Skeem et al., 2011). Family factors, whether they being genetic or environmental, have always been classified preponderant in the development of psychopathy (Millon et al., 2002, cited in Hildebrand, 2004). Researchers have looked and established that psychopaths are at a higher risk to be violent offenders than normal population (Theodorakis, 2013). Likewise, researchers have demonstrated that among family factors, a large number of children in the family was the strongest predictor of offending (Farrington et al., 2006). This study aims to explore whether a large family size is a contributing factor to the development of psychopathy and offending. 1.1 The research problem A review of literature shows that there is very little research and evidence as regards to the correlation between large family size and psychopathy (Farrington et al., 2006). Thus, the research problem is to investigate the extent large family size impacts the development of psychopathy. 1.2 The purpose of the study The purpose of the study is to determine whether family size, previously acknowledged having an effect on delinquency, likewise exerts an impact on the development of psychopathy. There is very little and very limited research that speaks to this theory, thereafter the conduction of this study will allow to further people’s understanding of the causes or what triggers psychopathy and violent offending and what can be done to prevent it. 1.3 The objectives of the study Taking into account the above reasoning, three research hypotheses were formulated. Hypothesis 1: There will be a significant positive relationship between ... ..., C.J., Lilienfeld, S.O. (2011). Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy.Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 12 (3) 95-162. doi: 10.1177/1529100611426706 http://pspi.sagepub.com. - Theodorakis, N. (2013). Psychopathy and its relationship to criminal behaviour . IALS Student Law Review. 1 (1) 47-56. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/u1273529/Downloads/1705-2277-1-PB%20(1).pdf. - Tibbetts, S. G. and Gilbert, T. D. , 2006-11-01 "The Effects of Family Size on the Development of Delinquency" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology (ASC), Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA . 2013-12-16 from http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p124920_index.html - Wadsworth, M. (1979). Roots of Delinquency: Infancy, Adolescence and Crime. Oxford: Martin Robertson.

Shakespeares Ambiguous Hamlet Essay -- Free GCSE Coursework

  Ã‚  Ã‚   That ambiguity exists within the Shakespearean drama Hamlet is a fact accepted by literary critics. Ambiguity of both word and action occur in the play. Let us examine the problem. Ruth Nevo in â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging† explains the ambiguity present within the hero’s most famous soliloquy: The critical problem arises from the perception that the speech apparently confuses two issues. Since we know what Hamlet’s obligatory task is, we cannot but register the possibility that the taking of arms and the â€Å"enterprises of great pitch and moment† refer to the killing of Claudius, though the logic of the syntax makes them refer to the self-slaughter which is the subject of the whole disquisition. And conversely, because self-slaughter is the ostensible subject of the whole disquisition, we cannot read the speech simply as a case of conscience in the matter of revenge – Christian revenge and the secular sanctions and motivations of honor. Whether Hamlet is talking of his revenge or of his desire for death, or of both, one substituting for the other as mask for truth (or truth for mask) therefore becomes the problem that this speech poses. (46)    Other examples of ambiguity are found in this tragedy by the Bard of Avon. D.G. James says in â€Å"The New Doubt† that the Bard has the ambiguous habit of charging a word with several meanings at once:    â€Å"Conscience does make cowards of us.† There has been, I am aware, much dispute as to what the word means here. For my part, I find not the least difficulty in believing that the word carries both its usual meaning and that of â€Å"reflection and anxious thought.† It is a platitude of Shakespeare study that Shakespeare could, with wonderful ease, charge ... ...es: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.

Homosexuality and Film

Reaction Paper: â€Å"Philadelphia† I was really in love by the film. It was truly an Inspiration for me as a gay person. It reminded me that every person In this world, even if you're lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, black, white or aslant deserves to be respected and to be equally well-treated. This film was great because It shows or talks about delimitation and tolerance as well. For me, I personally define Philadelphia as a cinematic perfection.It Is a very Important film to watch not only for the List's but also for every person In this world for them to know that delimitation Is a big no and to realize that even though a person Is different he/she must respect It. God created the man equally and we must not Judge anyone of us for their differences and disabilities. Actually, I was really feeling bored watching at the beginning of the movie. I honestly don't get the meaning and the purpose of creating this film.Aside from this film was a bit older (because it was rele ase in the year 1993) it took me a bit long to understand what thieve trying to say because of their slang accents and their idiomatic expressions and sentences that I don't understand. I was also confused and curious if why the movie was entitled Philadelphia and then I found the answer later As I watched the film, I found it interesting. I found out that the protagonist was a homosexual and was infected by a terrible disease called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS.Andrew Becket was an excellent lawyer and was fired by the law firm because he had AIDS, but the law firm didn't actually say the real reason of why hey fired him and that they made it appear that Andrew had a questionable professional ability in light of the misplaced file or document and is incompetent. Then he find several attorneys to take his case including Joe Miller. But Joe Miller was hesitant to accept the case and initially declined it. It is because Joe was a homophobic and he knew that Andrew had AI DS. But eventually after Joey's doctor told the method of HIVE infection he accepted the case.As the case goes, Becket wanted to win his case not only for his own good but also for the sake of other people who have his terrible disease and who Is also gay or lesbian, because In their place which Is the Philadelphia the people who has this particular disease was being adulterated. Eventually Becket won the case. For me, this film has Important morals to all the people. We must treat each of us equally even that person has a disease or even If his sexual orientation Is different. Us also, here In the Philippines must apply this kind of moral.We must not discriminate people especially those people who are LIGHT. As far as I know here in he Philippines, Lists are dismissed from work or denied promotion because of their gender identity. There are still schools that kick out gay students if they come out. Gays are also discriminated in insurance policies because they are thought to be no to discrimination here in the Philippines. We must respect each of everyone no matter who we are. I hope that someday as soon as this problem is solved, I can freely utter â€Å"l say to you quite frankly that the time for racial and sexual orientation discrimination is over†.